v-bring

Physical layer is the first or the bottom most layer of the OSI model. This layer is used to establish or terminate a connection to a communication medium. It also defines the electrical and mechanical specifications like cables, connectors and signaling options of the medium Physical layer receives data from the upper layer called the data link layer. It converts the received data into bit system. The data is then transmitted through the medium to the receiver. At the receiving end, physical layer receives the data in bit format. It forwards the data to the data link layer.  Responsibilities of the physical layer: Characteristics of media - defines the characteristics of the interface which used for connecting the devices. It also define the type of the transmission media such as copper wire or fiber optic cable Encoding – define the encoding type .encoding means changing bit stream (0s and 3s) into signal. Before transmission, physical layer encodes the signal into electrical or op

OSI   model   consists of seven layers and provides standards for data communication. 1.       Physical   layer : physical layer is responsible for actual transmission of bits over the medium. It deals with the electrical and mechanical functio 2.      Data link layer : data link layer is responsible for node to node delivery of frames. 3.      Network layer : Network layer is responsible for end to end delivery of packets and routing. 4.      Transport layer : transport layers is responsible for end to end delivery of the entire message. 5.      Session layer : Session layer is responsible for establishing,managing and terminating sessions. 6.      Presentation layer : is responsible for translation, encryption and data compression. 7.      Application layer : application layer is responsible for providing access to the network resources

E-mail client is a program used to manage, send and receive e-mails ,organize meetings, arrange appointments and keep a contact list. Microsoft outlook is a software application for handling and organizing personal information such as e-mail messages,calendar,schedules,tasks,notes,contacts. Configure e-mail setting include security options,server settings and connection Microsoft outlook enables the user to create five types of e-mail accounts such as POP3,IMAP,HTTP, Microsoft exchange server and third party mail server based e-mail accounts Windows mail is an e-mail and newsgroup client included in windows vista which is the successor to outlook express user has to take the backup of e-mail before formatting a PC In windows7 you”ll find outlook stores the PST and OST,in c:\users\<Username>\AppData\local\Microsoft\Outlook in vista you'll find windows mail files in c:\Users\<username>\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows Mail. The user may encounter various problems while wor

Net work  is categorized as per the geographical area to be covered by the network.computer network includes : ☼  LAN        - Local Area Network ☼   WAN       - Wide Area Network ☼   WLAN    - Wireless Local Area Network ☼   MAN       - Metropolitan Area Network ☼  SAN        - Storage Area Network, System Area Network, Server Area Network, or sometimes Small Area Network ☼   CAN       - Campus Area Network, Controller Area Network, or sometimes Cluster Area Network ☼   PAN        - Personal Area Network Local Area Network (LAN) LAN is a computer network that spans over a small area.it connects computers and workstations to share data and resources such as printers or faxes.LAN is restricted to a small area such as home, office or collage. all the workstations, server and printer are interconnected with the help of a network device.printer can be used by other workstations The institute of electrical and electronic engineers(IEEE) in the United states of America developed a series of

Client Server Model   :  Client/server is a configuration of the computer network that includes a server and one or more clients. the client manages the local resources that are used by the user such as monitor,keyboard,CPU and peripherals. the server is a more powerful system which manages shared resources such as databases,printers,communication links or high powered-processors and handles all the incoming requests for its shared resources Server is a centralized and dedicated entity which manages data,printers or network traffice depending upon the type of the server.the server must run a server program to share its resources. in a network, one server can be used for multipurpose or you can have multiple servers for a specific application.many programs are built into the operating system (OS) which can be used for the sharing of resources and for other purpose.client is a computer on which user runs applications. clients can also be called as workstations. the network resources are

Computer network  consists of group or (number of individual computers) of computers and devices which are connected with each other computer networks can be used for many purpose: 1. share files and folders,data and information. 2. sharing hard ware resources such as network printer. 3. sharing software as many users connected to network run the same application program. network can be divide into two main types: 1. client-server model 2. peer-to-peer model  client/server is a configuration of the computer network that includes a server and one or more clients. peer-to-peer is a communications model in which each party has the same capabilities and either party can initiate a communication session computer networks are divided into LAN, MAN, and WAN depending on the geopraphical coverage area. LAN  is a small network and easy to create WAN  covers a wide geographical area which includes multiple computers or LAN's networks are are widely used in different fields like financial ins